کتاب Silver nanoparticles Synthesis and their biological applications
کتاب Silver nanoparticles Synthesis and their biological applications
147,000 تومان
| تعداد صفحات | 113 |
|---|---|
| شابک | 978-620-3-40995-6 |
| انتشارات |
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Features, Properties, and Applications of Silver Nanoparticles ……………………………………… 7
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Nanomaterials …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
MetalNanoparticles (MNPs) ……………………………………………………………………………………… 8
History, characteristics of silver nanoparticles …………………………………………………………….. 9
Biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles …………………………………………………………. 11
Antibacterial …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
Antifungal …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Antiviral ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Medical equipment ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
Catheter ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
Bone cement …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
Tumor ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
Water refinery ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
Catalytic activity ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15
Nanofibers containing silver nanoparticles ……………………………………………………………….. 16
Biosensors ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16
Imaging ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
Types of silver nanoparticles …………………………………………………………………………………… 18
Silver nitrate …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
Silver sulfadiazine …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
Silver zeolite …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
Silver nanoparticles ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Toxicity of silver nanoparticles ……………………………………………………………………………….. 20
Physicochemical properties affecting the toxicity of nanoparticles ………………………………. 21
Physicochemical properties affecting the toxicity of nanoparticles ………………………………. 22
Size ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
The shape of nanoparticles ……………………………………………………………………………………… 24
The nature of nanoparticles …………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
Reactivity of nanoparticles ……………………………………………………………………………………… 25
Ability to move and displace nanoparticles ………………………………………………………………. 26
Stability of nanoparticles ………………………………………………………………………………………… 26
Charge and surface chemistry of nanoparticles ………………………………………………………….. 27
CHAPTER TWO: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 28
Nanoparticle synthesis methods ………………………………………………………………………………. 29
Chemical methods …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 30
Physical methods …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 31
Green Synthesis …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
Biogenic synthesis using plant extracts …………………………………………………………………….. 36
Reducing agents ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
Stabilizing agents ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
Factors affecting biological synthesis ………………………………………………………………………. 38
Effect of reducer precursors concentrations ………………………………………………………………. 38
Effect of silver ion concentration …………………………………………………………………………….. 39
Influence of reaction temperature …………………………………………………………………………….. 39
PH effect ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
The effect of reaction time ……………………………………………………………………………………… 41
Biocompatibility of biosynthesized metal nanoparticles exploiting plant extracts ………….. 41
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts ………………………………………… 44
CHAPTER THREE: ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles and their mechanism …………………………… 49
History and Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………… 49
Advantages of silver nanoparticles over antibiotics ……………………………………………………. 50
Use of nanosilver in antimicrobial applications (non-green method) – Physicochemical
properties ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 55
General mechanisms for the performance of nanosilver ……………………………………………… 62
Sources of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) ……………………………………………. 66
Nanoparticles or silver ions for antimicrobial devices ………………………………………………… 69
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 72
Persian …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 72
English …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
food industry, medical equipment, and water treatment. Among nanostructured
materials, metal nanoparticles (MNPs) with various potential physiological
characteristics are commonly exploited in multiple domains of medicine, such
as antimicrobial activity, and because of their small scale, scientists still appear
to discover new dimensions of MNPs. The current book has demonstrated its
antimicrobial importance.
The diversity of physical and chemical approaches have been documented for
nanostructured materials synthesis. Chemical procedures contribute to the
formation of some hazardous substances on the surface of nanoparticles, which
can cause complications in their medical implementations.
The development of biological and simple methodologies (green chemistry) is
therefore essential to enhance the widespread application of nanomaterials and
to inhibit environmental contamination.
Among MNPs, noble metal nanoparticles (MNPs), especially silver (Ag), have
attracted a lot of interest due to their outstanding features and various
applications. Therefore, the present book is an overview of the synthesis of silver
nanoparticles employing plant extracts and outlines the antimicrobial activities
of these nanoparticles.
applications including drug delivery, wound dressing, biosensitivity, household
equipment, electronics, water purification, cosmetics, wound healing, medicine,
fabric, selective coatings to absorb solar energy, catalysts, and antibacterial
activities have earned a great deal of interest and are still a common alternative
relative to other metals or materials
In 1857, Faraday first spoke about the presence of metal nanoparticles (MNPs)
in solution, and Mie explained a little about their color. In the Middle Ages,
MNPs were exploited to decorate cathedral windows [2].
Metal nanoparticles with dimensions (width, thickness, length) are in the size
range of 1 – 100 nm. Physiological characteristics of metal nanoparticles are
described by various parameters including shape, size, composition, and
crystallinity [2, 3]. The optical features of MNPs (such as gold and silver) change
significantly due to their size-dependent interaction with light, a property
recognized as surface plasmon resonance (SPR). SPR is the oscillation of
electrons on the surface of nanoparticles that occurs when the frequency of light
photons corresponds to the frequency of surface electrons. The SPR frequency
of silver and gold nanoparticles lies in the visible spectrum. Hence, these
particulates are favored in various optical applications.
Also, the catalyst used in MNPs is extremely reactive and selective. It has a
prolonged life-span in many chemical reactions[4]. Metal nanoparticles have
appropriate functional groups so they can be synthesized and modified to enable
them to gives binding to medications, antibodies, and ligands. However, there is
an obstacle, such as the presence of toxic chemicals that make MNPs
challenging to synthesize. Recently, the synthesis of MNPs using plants and
microorganisms (MOs) has been investigated and recognized as an acceptable
and efficacious green pathway as nanoparticles. Their biomedical applications
have been reported in Figure 2. Among the MNPs, the noble metal nanoparticles
(NMNPs), namely Pt, Ag, Au, and their composite analogs have aroused the
interest of investigators due to their new chemical, electronic, optical,
photochemical, and antibacterial capabilities. For instance, nano-silver (Ag) is
applied in clinical healthcare and consumer products because Ag ions have
strong toxicity effects against a wide variety of pathogenic microbes [7, 8].
Silver is a white and shiny metallic element. According to Hippocrates, the
father of modern medicine, the silver powder had healing and anti-disease
effects and was on the treatment list for wounds. Silver compounds were the
main equipment against infectious wounds in World War I until antibiotics were
developed. Since the age of the former kingdoms, silver was employed to
preserve drinking water from contamination. In the 18th century, immigrants to
the United States threw silver particles into the milk to prevent it from
contamination. During World War I, the silver foil was exploited to protect
wounds from infection [10].
In the 1970s, NASA employed silver tanks to keep drinking water clean on the
spacecraft, and these applications demonstrated the antibiotic and antibacterial
properties of silver. With the discovery of antibiotics in the twentieth century,
less silver was used for medical purposes. Prolonged exposure to silver and
silver compounds induced irreversible spots on the skin and eyes, and the
inability to remove these obstacles caused the exert of silver to be forgotten [11].
During the last century, due to the overuse of antibiotics, some bacteria such as
MRSA and VRSA, which are staphylococci, have become resistant to
antibiotics. The vulnerability of bio-antibiotics as a drug has revived interest in
the antibiotic properties of silver, and with the advancement of nanoscience and
the generation of silver nanoparticles with novel features and morphology, silver
has been able to regain its lost position, and once again, attention is attracted to
silver and its antibacterial features [12-14].
By increasing the surface to volume ratio of silver metal nanoparticles, it is
feasible to change their physical and chemical properties and improve their
effectiveness in the destruction of bacteria. It seems that silver metal
nanoparticles will perform a substantial and forward-looking function in the
battle against microbes in the future [15].
| تعداد صفحات | 113 |
|---|---|
| شابک | 978-620-3-40995-6 |
| انتشارات |
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